The Impact of Integrated Public Transport Modes on Environmental Sustainability in Batam, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54324/j.mtl.v13i1.1944Keywords:
integrated transport systems, urban mobility, environmental sustainability, partial least squares structural equation modellingAbstract
Efficient urban mobility is a fundamental element in supporting economic growth and enhancing the quality of life for the population. The integration of transport modes serves as a viable solution to address issues such as traffic congestion, limited accessibility, and travel inefficiency in urban areas. This study analyses the impact of transport mode integration on urban mobility from three key dimensions: physical, operational, and policy-based. The research is particularly relevant given the growing demand for efficient and sustainable public transportation in developing cities. Employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling and primary data collected from public transport users, the findings indicate that all three dimensions of integration significantly influence urban mobility, with operational integration emerging as the most dominant factor. Furthermore, urban mobility was found to have a positive impact on reducing environmental harm. The research model satisfies the criteria for validity and reliability, with a Goodness of Fit (GoF) value of 0.607. The findings recommend the acceleration of integrated infrastructure development, the optimisation of technology-based operational management, and the harmonisation of transport policies to create a more sustainable transport system. Future studies may consider extending the model by incorporating mediating variables such as green technology and broadening the scope of analysis to include socio-economic dimensionsReferences
Bokhari, A., & Sharifi, F. (2024). Public Transport Inequality and Utilization: Exploring the Perspective of the Inequality Impact on Travel Choices. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135404
BPS Kota Batam. (2023). Jumlah penduduk kota Batam menurut kecamatan dan jenis kelamin. BPS Kota Batam. https://batamkota.bps.go.id/indicator/12/66/1/penduduk-kota-batam-hasil-sensus-penduduk-menurut-kecamatan-dan-jenis-kelamin.html
Deng, T., & Nelson, J. D. (2012). The perception of Bus Rapid Transit: A passenger survey from Beijing Southern Axis BRT Line 1. Transportation Planning and Technology, 35(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2011.651885
El Amrani, A. M., Fri, M., Benmoussa, O., & Rouky, N. (2024). The Integration of Urban Freight in Public Transportation: A Systematic Literature Review. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 16, Issue 13). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135286
Girotti, C., Oliveira, M. C. Q. D., Sato, A. E., Chiquetto, J. B., Santos, A. P., de Miranda, R. M., Mülfarth, R. C. K., Shimomura, A. R. P., & Lopez, J. M. R. (2024). Urban mobility and air pollution at the neighbourhood scale in the Megacity of São Paulo, Brazil. Discover Cities, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44327-024-00016-4
Gutiérrez, L. R., De Vicente Oliva, M. A., & Romero-Ania, A. (2021). Managing sustainable urban public transport systems: An AHP multicriteria decision model. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094614
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. In European Business Review (Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 2–24). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, Joseph. F., Ringle, Christian. M., Dank, Nicholas. P., Hult, G. T., Sarstedt, M., Bolyai, B., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Humas Dishub Kota Batam. (2024, October 25). Optimalisasi transportasi publik, Pemko Batam sampaikan Ranperda angkutan umum massal. Dinas Perhubungan Pemerintah Kota Batam.
Ibrahim, A. N. H., Borhan, M. N., Mat Yazid, M. R., Hassan, S. A., Arham, A. F., & Hashim, S. (2023). Modelling of Passenger Satisfaction and Reuse Intention with Monorail Services in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A Hybrid SEM-ANN Approach. Mathematics, 11(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/math11153361
Jittrapirom, P., Caiati, V., Feneri, A. M., Ebrahimigharehbaghi, S., Alonso-González, M. J., & Narayan, J. (2017). Mobility as a service: A critical review of definitions, assessments of schemes, and key challenges. Urban Planning, 2(2), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v2i2.931
KLHK. (2023). Laporan Kinerja KLHK 2023. https://www.menlhk.go.id/work-plan/laporan-kinerja-2023-klhk/
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Li, Q., Liu, Y., Yang, L., Ge, J., Chang, X., & Zhang, X. (2023). The impact of urban green space on the health of middle-aged and older adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1244477
Litman, T. A. (2024). Evaluating Public Transit Benefits and Costs Best Practices Guidebook. www.vtpi.org
Montes, A., Geržinic, N., Veeneman, W., van Oort, N., & Hoogendoorn, S. (2023). Shared micromobility and public transport integration - A mode choice study using stated preference data. Research in Transportation Economics, 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101302
Nazmi, S., Zain, M., Fikry, W. I., Ismail, W., Hamzah, A. H., & Iskandar, K. (2025). Evaluating Transit-Oriented Development in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Analysis of Benefits, Drawbacks and Implementation Challenges. International Journal Od Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 10(2), 574–587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.10020049
Nguyen, L. K. N., Kumar, C., Jiang, B., & Zimmermann, N. (2023). Implementation of Systems Thinking in Public Policy: A Systematic Review. In Systems (Vol. 11, Issue 2). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11020064
Suleiman, S. Al, Cortez, A., Monzon, A., & Lara, A. (2023). How to improve public transport usage in a medium-sized city: key factors for a successful bus system. European Transport Research Review, 15(47), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-023-00616-y
Wong Kay, K. K. (2015). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Buletin, 24(1), 1–32. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/268449353
Zhang, H., & Lu, L. (2024). Modeling and Analysis of Public Transport Network in Hohhot Based on Complex Network. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208849
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ery Sugito, Khoerun Nisa Safitri, Buang Syaputra, Fath Ainun Qilbi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
